요시토시 (Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 화가)

러시아어를 영문으로 번역해서 올려드립니다. (제대로 번역이 안될 수 있으니 참고 하세요)

In the second half of the XIX century art ksilogravyury came during a sunset. During this period he lived and worked Esitosi Tayso (Tsukioka) (1839-1892), which is considered the last of the great masters of the genre.

Enedziro Owari (that was now the future of the artist) was born into a family wealthy merchant, for a lot of money got the right to move in a more honorable class warrior - samuraev.No Enedziro for a new social status did not bring any darov.Posle his wife's death, his father came down from the new woman , which was an unwanted stepchild obuzoy.Trehletnego boy gave to the development of childless uncle, who usynovil ego.V 1850, gave the child in school, and he got in the studio of the famous painter, engraver Kuniyoshi Utagava.Ochevidno, a student found a spark bozhya.Vo If anything, Kuniyoshi left him, giving a new name - Esitosi (traditionally student dostavalos name with one of the characters of teachers). The young artist lived nadezhdy.V the age of 14 he published his first job - triptych on sea battles in the Dannoura, happened in 1185.

One can only wonder in what direction would be to develop the creative genius of the young artist, went to all their mestah.No 1853, the year of his first artistic success came at the beginning of a powerful fracture, perekorezhivshego life Yaponii.V Gulf of Edo (later - Tokyo Bay ) entered oschetinivshayasya guns squadron of American Commodore M. Perry. Under the threat of military force the Japanese Government was forced to repeal the laws of his country's isolation and open Japanese ports to foreign ships. In a country fled strangers, alien culture, alien fashion trice depreciated national traditsii.Kropotlivaya work on the printed boards, typical of the Ukiyo-e artists, rather quickly given way to more technically advanced and easy way to print - lithographs and photographs, gleaned from aliens. This sullen, Kuniyoshi Utagava sleg.Poka teacher sick, Esitosi not issued a single gravyury.No after the death of Kuniyoshi, followed in 1861, should be such as to seek opportunities to propitaniya.Esitosi head went to work setting up for just 1 year a series of 44 prints. Signs his work, he named Sessay Tsukioka, reflecting the new, from his point of view, the stage tvorchestva.No fame found him a few years later, when in 1865 he published a series of ksilogravyur on the general theme of «One hundred stories about the ghosts of Japan and China ».

To assess the subjects are set out in the future, the main lines of creativity Esitosi, we should imagine how to live in a country vremya.Krah old economy is not competitive with the outside world suddenly opened, leading to hyperinflation and a fall in demand for this product iskusstva.K added the effects of rice crop failures, year after year dobivavshih Japanese peasantry in the early 60-h.Za crop failure followed golod.Na this background, the country erupted bunty.Mir that prevailed in the fourth millennium, when a Shogunate Tokugavy suddenly ruhnul.Nachinalas civil war threatens massive krovoprolitiem.Komu at the time needed engravings, even talented?

Esitosi already tried a few of the most characteristic of Ukiyo-e temah.Risoval beauties (bidzin), Kabuki theater actors, erotic graphics syunga.No more paid time bloody images: a military battle deaths in battle, suicide, hara-kiri. In 1866, together with the artist Esiiku Otiaion prepared a series of prints «Collection of sadism and blood», and then independently - «Art Series Death».

The works of those years have led many critics, both domestically and abroad, based on the assumption that Esitosi was mentally ill. Such approval was true, though chastichnaya.Golod and scarcity, which has suffered from the artist, cause irreparable harm to his mental zdorovyu.No have to remember that bloody Naturalist scenes were typical for many engravers Japan and those of previous let.Izobrazhenie violence was one of essential strings, which played many well-known masters of the genre of Ukiyo-e.A prints with images of blood flow to them using the same demand at publiki.V that there's anything strange or abnormal. Let us remember that there were times when the bloody vesterny esteemed Film Critics of the peak iskusstva.A given, which witnessed the events was the Esitosi, then surprised and did not stoit.Na his eyes were bloody battles of civil war, which gave a lot of incentive for the artist.

Remarkably, that in 20 years Esitosi one of the ten best Ukiyo-e artists of the time, and in 1869 he was recognized as one of luchshih.Vprochem, his fame and recognition were vperedi.A in the early 80's artist literally dying goloda.So of his girlfriend Okoto he lived in collapsed hibare.Oni sold one after another of his copybook скарба to buy at least a handful of rice, disassemble his home for firewood to warm. Consumer disorder, multiplied by the general turmoil in the country, affecting the health of hudozhnika.On fell into depressiyu.V year, he was preparing a couple or two prints, and they were not vostrebovany.Doshlo to the fact that his girlfriend Okoto voluntarily agreed to sell itself bagnio that the money as a support Esitosi.

In 1873 the situation began to change to luchshemu.Izdateli turn to the artist for the new prints, he offered to cooperate in a newspaper. News illustrator known Esitosi.Vstupiv consolidated into a new period of creativity, he changed and became a nickname to sign his paintings as Esitosi Tayso (Tayso - great resurrection). In 1877, he witnessed the uprising against the Satsuma samurai princedoms imperatora.Risovannye essays on the progress of the uprising and his defeat enjoyed tremendous success with the reading public.

Life has become developed, he pay his debts, bought a house, come down from Tyco Sakamaki, former geyshey.V 1884, they began to work pozhenilis.Esitosi calmer. In his work has a noticeable influence of Western European hudozhnikov.Net, Esitosi did not change the genre of Ukiyo-e, but has taken a characteristic of European masters koloristiku.Etomu contributed to a shift from traditional Japanese colors, preparing for the mineral and plant materials, to the colorful palette on the basis of aniline . In those years, his works are clearly seen humanistic notes. This is particularly evident in women's portretah.On away from the traditional practices of Japanese engravers depicting an abstract, an average beauty, was carefully transfer to paper the specific facial features, figure their naturschits.

By 1884, at Esitosi was over eighty uchenikov.Eto allowed it to proceed with the ambitious project - a series of prints on the theme of «One hundred species of the moon». Each of the pieces of a series of talking about some historical event or a famous character of Japanese and Chinese istorii.Edinstvennym element that combines all the prints in a series, it was imperative the image on each sheet luny.Uspeh this was oshelomlyayuschim.Lyudi stood in long lines to buy fresh prints in the series. At the same time Esitosi worked on a series of female portraits «32 look at the customs and manners». It was published in 1885. In the future, prone, like all Japanese at that time, the artist began to sueveriyam development of its old topic by publishing drawings of mystical «new favorite picture 36-ty spirits». Remarkable that on other forms of ghosts, demons and spirits are not visible. Rather, it is - the genre sketches of people who are about to meet with potustoronnimi forces.

He gave all the creativity dushu.Stoit it any wonder that his mental condition has deteriorated again. He was placed in the hospital, but he went there to spend the remaining days of his life in full odinochestve.Umer Esitosi summer of 1892 at the age of 53 years.

Creativity Esitosi Tayso vdohnulo seemingly new life into the genre of Ukiyo-e. But the period of revival ksilogravyury continued nedolgo.Ni one of his students had been unable to rise to the level Esitosi.K Also, countries are moving to new cultural values, borrowed from Europe and the fashion Ameriki.Inostrannaya pushed into the shadows tradition of Ukiyo-e.Zhanr umer.Esitosi became his latest genius.

위키피디아에도 그에 대한 정보가 있으니 궁금하신 분들은 아래 주소에서 확인해보세요.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitoshi